Spintronics: Fundamentals and applications

Spintronics: Fundamentals and applications

Spintronics, or spin electronics, involves the study of active control and manipulation of spin degrees of freedom in solid-state systems. This article reviews the current status of this subject, including both recent advances and well-established results. The primary focus is on the basic physical principles underlying the generation of carrier spin polarization, spin dynamics, and spinpolariz...

Bipolar spintronics: Fundamentals and applications

By incorporating spin-dependent properties and magnetism in semiconductor structures, new applications can be considered which go beyond magnetoresistive effects in metallic systems. Notwithstanding the prospects for spin/magnetism-enhanced logic in semiconductors, many important theoretical, experimental, and materials challenges remain. Here we discuss the challenges for realizing a particula...

DWDM Fundamentals, Components, and Applications DWDM Fundamentals, Components, and Applications

Glucose-Sensitive Holographic (Bio)Sensors: Fundamentals and Applications

Nowadays sensors and especially biosensors play an important role in medical diagnosis and detection of food and environment contaminations. Biosensors’ facilities have been improved significantly by using technologies such as surface plasmon resonance, microfluidics, laser, and electrochemistry. These technologies are now available on chips in micro- and nano-scale and are capable of mea...

SEMPA Imaging for Spintronics Applications

Scanning Electron Microscopy with Polarization Analysis (SEMPA) provides high resolution (10 nm) magnetization images simultaneously with, but independent of, the topography. Such information is very useful in studying spintronics devices as illustrated by three examples: 1) exchange coupling of magnetic layers, 2) spin-transfer switching in magnetic nanowires, and 3) the ferromagnetic metal-se...